Turkey"One of the earliest permanently settled regions, present-day Turkey was home to important Neolithic sites such as Göbekli Tepe, the world´s oldest known temple founded in the 10th millennium BC,[13] and Çatalhöyük, which has evidence of early agriculture and cattle and sheep domestication.[14] Various civilisations have inhabited the region, including the ancient Hattians, Hurrians, Urartians, and Kaskians, the Anatolian-speaking Hittites, Luwians, Lydians, and Palaics, as well as the Akkadians, Assyrians, Thracians, Galatians, Greeks, Phrygians, Persians, and Armenians.[15][16][17] Two of the extinct Anatolian languages, Hittite and Luwian, are considered the earliest-attested of all Indo-European languages. Hellenization started during the era of Alexander the Great and continued into the Byzantine era.[16][18] The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 11th century, and their victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 symbolises the foundation of Turkey for many Turkish nationalists.[19] The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243, when it disintegrated into small Turkish principalities called beyliks.[20] Beginning in the late 13th century, the Ottomans started uniting the beyliks and conquering the Balkans. The Turkification of Anatolia increased during the Ottoman period. After Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453, Ottoman expansion continued under Selim I. During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire encompassed much of Southeast Europe, West Asia and North Africa and became a world power.[15][21][22] From the late 18th century onwards, the empire´s power declined with a gradual loss of territories and wars.[23] In an effort to consolidate the weakening social and political foundations of the empire, Mahmud II started a period of modernisation in the early 19th century, bringing reforms in all areas of the state including the military and bureaucracy, along with the emancipation of all citizens.[24]" - (en.wikipedia.org 16.10.2020) Western Asia Adana Province Adıyaman Province Afyonkarahisar Province Ahat (Türkei) Alanya Amasya Province Ankara Province Antalya Province Artvin Province Asia (Roman province) Aydın Province Balıkesir Province Bartın Province Bilecik Province Bolu Province Burdur Province Bursa Province Central Anatolia Region Denizli Province Düzce Province Eastern Anatolia Region Edessa Edirne Province Eikonion Erzurum Province Eshi-Renekir Eskişehir Province Gaziantep Province Giresun Province Gülpınar (Ayvacık) Harran Hatay Province Isparta Province Istanbul Province Kahramanmaraş Province Kaleköy Karaman Province Kayseri Province Kiltschick (Kisázsia) Kocaeli Province Konya Province Kop-Daghari Kozan, Adana Kypsela Kütahya Province Linon (Münzstätte) Lykien Manisa Province Mardin Province Marmara Ereğlisi Mersin Province Muğla Province Nisibis Rize Province Sakarya Province Samsun Province Seyitgazi Sinop, Turkey Sivas Province Söke Tarsus, Mersin Tokat Province Trabzon Province Traianopolis (Grimenuthyrai) Urfa Uşak Van Province Vize, Kırklareli Yalova Province Zonguldak Province Çanakkale Province Çorum Province İpsala İzmir Province İzmit Şuhut Amisus Anthemusia Antigoneia am Orontes Antioch on the Orontes Bithynia Caria Cilicia Doliche Eceabat Ephesus Galatia Heraclea Pontica Ionia Isaura Kardia Lebedus Lycaonia Lydia Magnesia on the Maeander Miletus Neoclaudiopolis Pamphylia Paphlagonia Parlais Pimolisa Pisidia Pontus (region) Samosata Seleucia Pieria Sestos Sillyon Tekirdağ Aeolis Anatolia Bosporus Kappadokien Mysia Phrygia Troad Westküste Kleinasiens (Türkei) Anti-Taurus Mountains Taurus Mountains Dardanelles Göksu Göksu Lake Van