Peru"Peruvian territory was home to several ancient cultures. Ranging from the Norte Chico civilization in the 32nd century BC, the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the five cradles of civilization, to the Inca Empire, the largest state in pre-Columbian America, the territory now including Peru has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country, tracing its heritage back to the 4th millennia BCE. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a viceroyalty that encompassed most of its South American colonies, with its capital in Lima. Peru formally proclaimed independence in 1821, and following the military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar, and the decisive battle of Ayacucho, Peru completed its independence in 1824. In the ensuing years, the country enjoyed relative economic and political stability, which ended shortly before the War of the Pacific with Chile. Throughout the 20th century, Peru endured armed territorial disputes, coups, social unrest, and internal conflicts, as well as periods of stability and economic upswing. Alberto Fujimori was elected to the presidency in 1990; his government was credited with economically stabilizing Peru and successfully ending the Shining Path insurgency, though he was widely accused of human rights violations and suppression of political dissent. Fujimori left the presidency in 2000 and was charged with human rights violations and imprisoned until his pardon by President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in 2017. Even after the president´s regime, Fujimori´s followers, called Fujimoristas, have caused political turmoil for any opposing faction in power, even causing Pedro Pablo Kuczynski to resign in March 2018." - (en.wikipedia.org 04.12.2019) South America Cajamarca Department of Apurímac Department of Arequipa Department of Cuzco Department of Huancavelica Department of Junín Department of Lambayeque Department of Lima Department of Loreto Department of Pasco Department of Puno Huacho Huamanga Province Huanchaco Ica La Libertad Lima Lima Province Marañón River Mina Ragra (Peru) Moche River Ost-Peru Pachitea River Piura Province Tarma im Pasco Urubamba River Áncash Nordperu Palcazu River Perené River Río Mairo Río Pichis Titicacasee (Peru) Ucayali River